Nineteenth century

Nineteenth century

• 1802 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac develops his law which describes the relationship between a gas's pressure and temperature.
• 1807 - Nicéphore Niépce installed his 'moss, coal-dust and resin' fuelled Pyréolophore internal combustion engine in a boat and powered up the river Saone in France.
• 1807 - Franco/Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by the internal combustion of hydrogen and oxygen mixture and used it to power a wheeled vehicle.^[3]
• 1816 - Robert Stirling invented his hot air Stirling engine
• 1824 - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot developed the Carnot cycle, a hypothetical engine that is the basic theoretical model for all heat engines. This gives the first early insight into the second law of thermodynamics.
• 1834 - Jacob Perkins, obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system.
• 1850s - Rudolf Clausius sets out the concept of the thermodynamic system and positioned entropy as being that in any irreversible process a small amount of heat energy δQ is incrementally dissipated across the system boundary
• 1859 - Etienne Lenoir developed the first commercially successful internal combustion engine, a single-cylinder, two-stroke engine with electric ignition of illumination gas (not gasoline).
• 1861 - Alphonse Beau de Rochas of France originates the concept of the four-stroke internal-combustion engine by emphasizing the previously unappreciated importance of compressing the fuel–air mixture before ignition.
• 1861 - Nikolaus Otto patents a two-stroke internal combustion engine building on Lenoir's.
• 1872 - Pulsometer steam pump, a pistonless pump, patented by Charles Henry Hall. It was inspired by the Savery steam pump.
• 1873 - The British chemist Sir William Crookes invents the light mill a device which turns the radiant heat of light dirrectly into rotary motion.
• 1877 - Theorist Ludwig Boltzmann visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles, in which he defined entropy to be proportional to the logarithm of the number of microstates such a gas could occupy.
• 1877 - Nikolaus Otto patents a practical four-stroke internal combustion engine (U.S. Patent 194,047)
• 1883 - Samuel Griffin of Bath UK patents a six-stroke internal combustion engine. ^[4]
• 1884 - Charles A. Parsons builds the first modern Steam turbine.
• 1886 - Herbert Akroyd Stuart builds the prototype Hot bulb engine, an oil fueled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition engine similar to the later diesel but with a lower compression ratio and running on a fuel air mixture.
• 1892 - Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine (U.S. Patent 608,845) where a high compression ratio generates hot gas which then ignites an injected fuel.